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EQUALINFOS - Billets
PREVENTION CANCER
PREVENTION - LUTTE CONTRE LE CANCER
De plus en plus de mondes nous quittent a cause de cette terrible maladie.
Nous devons nous mobiliser pour vaincre cette maladie et eviter qu'elle se propage.
Qu'est-ce que le cancer ?
De la même manière que notre corps est composé de centaines de catégories différentes de cellules, il existe des centaines de cancers. Si cette maladie est parmi les plus redoutées, connaît-on pour autant ses mécanismes ? Pourquoi certaines tumeurs sont-elles cancéreuses, d'autres pas ? A quel moment parle-t-on de métastases ?
Chaque cellule contient dans son noyau des instructions sous forme de gènes. Au cours de la formation de l'être humain, chacune se différencie et n'utilise plus qu'une certaine partie de l'information génétique qu'elle contient pour son renouvellement et sa mort. Mais il arrive parfois que le mécanisme cellulaire s'enraye.
Une cellule à la folie contagieuse
Si les instructions relatives à sa reproduction et à sa mort sont altérées, la cellule peut commencer à se diviser de manière incontrôlée... et devenir immortelle. Chaque cellule nouvellement créée contient l'erreuret produit des protéines anormales. Ces protéines dites "oncogéniques" sont à l'origine du comportement anarchique de la cellule.
Comme les cellules anormales se multiplient beaucoup plus rapidement que les cellules saines, elles peuvent former un amas appelé tumeur ou lésion. En gagnant en superficie, il peut construire lui-même les vaisseaux sanguins qui vont l'approvisionner en oxygène et nutriments.
La tumeur peut contrôler son ampleur et ne pas migrer vers d'autres organes, dans ce cas, elle sera dite non cancéreuse ou bénigne. Si elle envahit les organes alentours elle est dite maligne ou cancéreuse.
La cellule cancéreuse se distingue ainsi par ces deux capacités : une multiplication incontrôlée et anarchique associée à la possibilité de coloniser des tissus ou organes dont elle n'est pas originellement issue.
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Et si le cancer s'étend ?
Les cellules cancéreuses peuvent s'étendrent aux organes alentours mais elles peuvent également entrer dans le flux sanguin et coloniser des organes distants. Une fois à destination, elles se développent comme la tumeur originelle. Ce processus est nommé métastase.
Après ce stade, les chances de guérison sont plus faibles car les tumeurs disséminées sont plus difficiles à éliminer.
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Quels sont les traitements ?
Du lieu d'origine du cancer dépend souvent la vitesse de propagation, ainsi que la résistance au traitement. Le bilan thérapeutique nécessite un diagnostic précis et la consultation d'une équipe médicale regroupant différentes spécialités. Plus la tumeur est détectée précocement, plus les traitements pourront être efficaces.
Bien que chaque cancer nécessite un traitement propre, on peut distinguer trois grands types d'outils thérapeutiques :
• Chirurgie : qui consiste à enlever la tumeur et selon la localisation, les tissus ou les organes proches.
Le chirurgien retire autant de cellules cancéreuses que possible mais parfois des traitements supplémentaires sont nécessaires. Il peut s'agir de :
• Radiothérapie : il s'agit d'exposer les cellules cancéreuses à une ionisation, c'est-à-dire une émission de radiations qui va altérer la composition de l'information génétique des cellules cancéreuses. Ce matériel génétique contenu sous la forme d'ADN subit des transformations, qui rendront la cellule incapable de se reproduire. Cette "stérilisation" réduit ainsi la reproduction anarchique de ces cellules malignes, responsables du cancer. Les cellules saines ayant un meilleur taux de réparation subissent moins de dégâts.
• Chimiothérapie : des médicaments sont administrés aux patients pour tuer spécifiquement les cellules cancéreuses ou pour améliorer les défenses naturelles contre le développement de ces cellules anormales.
Pour en savoir plus sur les traitements et les voies de recherches propres à certains cancers, vous pouvez vous reporter à nos dossiers spécifiques
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Le cancer en chiffres
Le cancer touche environ 10 millions de personnes dans le monde. Plus de 4,4 millions des cas proviennent d'Asie, dont 2,5 millions de l'Asie Orientale qui a le taux le plus élevé. L'Europe compte 2,8 millions de cas, l'Amérique du Nord 1,4 millions et l'Afrique 627 000 cas. Mais quelle est la situation de la France ?
Le cancer du poumon est plus répandu dans les pays développés (646 000 cas) que dans les autres pays (593 000 cas). Il touche moins les femmes (337 000 cas rapportés dans le monde) que les hommes (900 000 cas). Le nombre des cas de cancers du poumon à travers toute l'Europe (375 000) est près du double de celui de l'Amérique du Nord (201 000).
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Quelle est l'incidence des cancers en France ?
En France, les cancers représentent la première cause de mortalité chez les hommes et la deuxième chez les femmes après les maladies cardiovasculaires. Mais c'est surtout la maladie qui fait le plus peur.
Le tableau ci-dessous apporte le nombre de cas de cancer pour l'année 2000
Quatre cancers (sein, prostate, poumon et côlon-rectum) sont responsables de près de la moitié de tous les décès par cancer en France. Ils représentent également près de la moitié des nouveaux cas détectés chaque année.
La mortalité française par cancer chez les hommes est la plus élevée d'Europe alors que celle des femmes n'est qu'au quatrième rang européen.
En fonctions du sexe, les cancers les plus fréquents par ordre d'importance sont :
• Chez l'homme : le cancer du poumon et des voies aérodigestives supérieures (bouche, pharynx, larynx), les cancers colo-rectal, de la prostate, de l'estomac, de la vessie et de l'oesophage.
• Chez la femme : le cancer du sein, les cancers colo-rectal, de l'utérus, de l'estomac et de l'ovaire.
Evolution de la mortalité par cancer
Chez les hommes, on constate une augmentation de la mortalité par cancer du poumon depuis 1950. Entre 1950 et 1990, ce chiffre a été multiplié par 4,5.
Chez les femmes, la mortalité par cancer du sein a augmenté de 1,6 entre 1950 et 1990. Mais le dépistage plus précoce a permis d'enrayer cette progression. Plus préoccupant, on peut noter l'augmentation très importante du cancer du poumon chez les femmes. Cette courbe inquiétante suit celle du tabagisme féminin.
Même si leur consommation de tabac commence à diminuer, les femmes sont aujourd'hui plus nombreuses à fumer que les hommes en France. Résultat : une augmentation fulgurante du nombre de cancers du poumon. En Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis, c'est, désormais, la première cause de mortalité par cancer chez les femmes, devant le cancer du sein.
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